Medical Hypotheses
Volume 55, Issue 5 , Pages 408-414 , November 2000

A nucleoside analogue of 2, 4-difluoropyridine has potential as an antiretroviral agent with multiple and unique mechanisms of action, and may be effective against the HIV organism

Received 28 September 1999 ,Accepted 6 January 2000.

References 

    REFERENCES
  1. Moran S, Ren RX-F, Kool ET. A thymidine triphosphate shape analog lacking Watson–Crick pairing ability is replicated with high sequence selectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:1056–10511
  2. Schweitzer BA, Kool ET. Aromatic nonpolar nucleosides as hydrophobic isosteres of pyrimidine and pruine nucleosides. J Org Chem. 1994;59:7238–7242
  3. Green, T. Professor of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
  4. Ho, D. D. Aaran Diamond AIDS Research Center New York New York USA – AIDS Therapies: 6/97. Introduction. Charles W. Henderson, P.O. Box 5528 Atlanta, GA, USA. Daniel, J, DeNoon
  5. Elder JH, Lerner DL, Hasselkus-Light CS. Distinct subsets of retroviruses encode dUTPase. J Virol. 1992;66:1791
  6. Hardman JG. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996; p. 1249
  7. Kypr J, Mrazek J. Unusual codon usage of HIV. Scientific Correspondence. Nature. 1987;327:20
  8. Kypr J, Mrazek J, Reich J. Nucleotide composition bias and CpG dinucleotide content in the genomes of HIV and HTLV 1/2. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1989;1009:280–282
  9. Gilboa E, Mitra SW, Goff SP, Baltimore D. A detailed model of reverse transcription and tests of crucial aspects. Cell. 1980;18:93–100
  10. Lucin PA. Human immunodeficiency viruses and their replication. In:  Fields BN,  Knipe DM,  Howley PM editor. Fields’ Virology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996;p. 1911–1912
  11. Krug MS, Berger SL. Ribonuclease H activities associated with viral reverse transcriptases and endonucleases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86:3539–3543
  12. Somasundaran M, Robinson HL. Unexpectedly high levels of HIV-1 RNA and protein synthesis in a cytocidal infection. Science. 1988;242:1554–1556
  13. Grantham R, Perrin P. AIDS virus and HTLV-1 differ in codon choices. Nature. 1986;319:727, 728
  14. Riis B, Rattan SI, Clark BF. Eukaryotic protein elongation factors. Trends Biochem Sci. 1990;15:420–424
  15. Kypr J, Mrazek J. Reading frames of HIV genes. J Theor Biol. 1989;141:423–424
  16. Liu D, Moran S, Kool ET. Bistranded multisite replication of a base pair between difluorotoluene and adenine: confirmation by ‘inverse’ sequencing. Chem Biol. 1997;4:919–926
  17. Jacks T. Translational suppression in gene expression in retroviruses and retrotransposons:. In:  Swanstrom R,  Vegt PR editor. Retroviruses – Strategies of Replication. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1990;p. 93
  18. Jacks T, Power MD, Masiarz FR, Luciw PA, Barr PJ, Varmus HE. Characterization of ribosomal frameshifting in HIV-1 Gag-Pol expression. Nature. 1988;331:280
  19. Chamorro M, Parkin N, Varmus HE. An RNA pseudoknot and an optimal heptameric shift site are required for highly efficient ribosomal frameshifting on a retroviral messenger RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;87:713
  20. Jones KA, Peterlin BM. Control of RNA initiation and elongation at the HIV-1 promoter. Annu Rev Biochem. 1994;63:717
  21. Karn J. Control of human immunodeficiency virus replication by the tat, rev, nef, and protease genes. Curr Opin Immunol. 1991;3:526
  22. Karn J, Graeble MA. New insights into the mechanism of HIV-1 trans-activation. Trends Genet. 1992;8:365
  23. Frankel AD. Activation of HIV transcription by Tat. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1992;2:293
  24. Roy S, Delling U, Chen C-H. A bulge structure in HIV-1 TAR RNA is required for tat binding and tat-mediated trans-activation. Genes Dev. 1990;4:1365
  25. Churcher MJ, Lamont C, Hamy F. High affinity binding of TAR RNA by the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 tat protein requires base-pairs in the RNA stem and amino acid residues flanking the basic region. J Mol Biol. 1993;230:90
  26. Roy S, Delling U, Chen C-H, Rpsen CA, Sonenberg N. A bulge structure in HIV-1 TAR RNA is required for tat binding and tat-mediated trans-activation. Genes Dev. 1990;4:1365–1373
  27. Roy S, Agy M, Horvenessian A, Sonenberg N, Katze M. The integrity of the stem structure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-responsive sequence RNA is required for interaction with the interferon-induced 68,000 Mr protein kinase. J Virol. 1991;65:632–640

PII: S0306-9877(00)91077-6

doi: 10.1054/mehy.2000.1077

Medical Hypotheses
Volume 55, Issue 5 , Pages 408-414 , November 2000

Article Tools