Medical Hypotheses
Volume 55, Issue 6 , Pages 494-501 , December 2000

Is platelet release of 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol a mediator of cognitive deficits? An endocannabinoid theory of schizophrenia and arousal

Received 4 October 1999 ,Accepted 16 February 2000.

References 

    REFERENCES
  1. Kaiya H. Second messenger imbalance hypothesis of schizophrenia. Prostaglandins. Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1992;46:33–38
  2. Kaiya H, Nishida A, Imai A, Shigeru N, Nozawa Y. Accumulation of diacylgylcerol in platelet phosphoinositide turnover in schizophrenia: a biological marker of good prognosis?. Biol Psychiatry. 1989;26:669–676
  3. Emrich MH, Lewek FM, Schneider U. Towards a cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia due to dysregulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system. Pharma Biochem Behav. 1997;56:803–807
  4. Neiderhoffer N, Szabo B. Involvement of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the EDHF-dependent vasorelaxation in rabbits. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;126:1383–1386
  5. Di Marzo V. 2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol as an “endocannabinoid”: limelight for a formerly neglected metabolite. Biochemistry. 1998;63:13–21
  6. Sugiura T, Kodaka T, Nakane S, Miyashita T, Kondo S, Suhara Y. Evidence that the cannabinoid CB1 receptor is a 2-arachidonoylglycerol receptor. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:2794–2801
  7. Bisogno T, Berrendero F, Ambrosino G, Cebeira M, Ramos JA, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ. Brain regional distribution of endocannabinoids: implications for their biosynthesis and biological function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;256:377–380
  8. Varga K, Wagner JA, Bridgen DT, Kunos G. Platelet and macrophage-derived endogenous cannabinoids are involved in endotoxin-induced hypotension. FASEB J. 1998;12:1035–1044
  9. Wagner JA, Varga K, Kunos G. Cardiovascular actions of cannabinoids and their generation during shock. J Mol Med. 1998;76:824–836
  10. Arkel YS, Haft J, Buxton M, Sheppard H, Burghardt C, Williams R. Emotional arousal and platelet physiology: A review and some original contributions. J Human Stress. 1982;8:19–27
  11. Ketterer M. Anger and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996;94:1788–1789
  12. Larsson PT, Hjemdahl P, Olsson G, Egberg N, Hornstra G. Altered platelet function during mental stress and adrenaline infusion in humans: evidence for an increased aggrebility in vivo as measured by filtragometry. Clin Sci. 1989;76:369–376
  13. Malkoff SB, Muldoon MF, Zeigler ZR, Manuck SR. Blood platelet responsivity to acute mental stress. Psychosom Med. 1993;55:477–482
  14. Markovitz JH. Hostility is associated with increased platelet activation in coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 1998;60:586–591
  15. Pickering TG. Blood platelets, stress and cardiovascular disease. Psychosom Med. 1993;55:483–484
  16. Sugiura T, Kodaka T, Nakane S, Kishimoto S, Kondo S, Waku K. Detection of an endogenous cannabimimetic molecule, 2-arachidonoylglycerol and cannabinoid CB1 receptor mRNA in human vascular cells: is 2-arachidonoglycerol a possible vasomodulator. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;243:838–843
  17. Wenneberg SR, Schneider RH, Walton KG, MacKean CRK, Levitsky DK, Mandarino JV. Anger expression correlates with platelet aggregation. Behav Med. 1997;22:174–177
  18. Mason JW. A Review of psychoendocrine research on the pituitary-adrenal cortical system. Psychosom Med. 1968;30:576–607
  19. Mason JW. A Review of psychoendocrine research on the sympathetic-adrenal medullary system. Psychosom Med. 1968;30:631–653
  20. Brown WA, Heinger G. Cortisol, growth hormome, free fatty acids and experimentally evoked affective arousal. Am J Psychiatry. 1975;132:1172–1176
  21. Ikarugi H, Taka T, Nakajima S, Noguchi T, Watanabe S, Sasaki S. Norepinephrine, but not epinephrine, enhances platelet reactivity and coagulation after exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86:133–138
  22. Authi KA, Watson SP, Kakkar VV. Mechanisms of platelet activation and control. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. New York: Plenum Press; 1993;
  23. Prescott SM, Majerus PW. Characterization of 1,2-diacylglycerol hydrolysis in human platelets: demonstration of an arachidonoyl-monoacylglycerol intermediate. J Biol Chem. 1983;258:764–769
  24. Bisogno T, Sepe N, Petrocellis L, De Marzo V. Biosynthesis of 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol, a novel cannabimimetic eicosanoid in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Recent Advances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane and Leukotriene Research. In:  Sinziger H editors. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. New York: Plenum Press; 1998;p. 201–204
  25. Stella N, Schweitzer P, Plomelli D. A second endogenous cannabinoid that modulates long term potentiation. Nature. 1997;388:773–778
  26. Ripova D, Strunecka A, Nemcova V, Farska I. Phospholipids and calcium alternations in platelets of schizophrenic patients. Physiol Res. 1997;46:59–68
  27. Yao, J. K. van Kammen, D. P. Gurklis, J. A. Abnormal incorporation of arachidonic acid into platelets of drug free patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res, 60, 11, 21
  28. Yao JK, Yasaei P, van Kammen DP. Increased turnover of platelet phosphatidylinositol in schizophrenia. Prostaglandins, Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1992;46:39–46
  29. Siess W. Molecular mechanism in platelet activation. Physiol Rev. 1989;69:58–173
  30. Bisogno T, Melck D, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. Phosphatidic acid as the biosynthetic precursor of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol in intact mouse neuroblastoma cells stimulated with ionomycin. J Neurochem. 1999;72:2113–2119
  31. Siess W, Weber PC. Activation of phospholipase C is dissociated from arachidonate metabolism during platelet shape change induced by thrombin or platelet activating factor. J Biol Chem. 1984;259:8286–8292
  32. Glass M, Dragunow M, Faull RML. Cannabinoids receptors in the human brain: A detailed autonomical and quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adults human brain. Neuroscience. 1997;77:299–318
  33. Sulcova E, Mechoulam R, Fride E. Biphasic effects of anandamide. Pharma Biochem Behav. 1998;59:347–352
  34. Hampson AJ, Bornheim LM, Scanziani M, Yost CS, Grey AT, Hansen BM. Dual effects of anandamide on NDMA-receptor-mediated responses and neurotransmission. J Neurochem. 1998;700:671–676
  35. Maccarrone M, Bari M, Menichelli A, Del Principe D, Agro AF. Anandamide activates human platelets through a pathway independent of the arachidonate cascade. FEBS Lett. 1999;447:277–282
  36. Mombouli J, Schaeffer G, Holzmann S, Kostner GM, Graier WF. Anandamide-induced mobilization of cytosolic Ca+2 in endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;126:1593–1600
  37. Venance L, Sagan S, Giaume C. (R)-methanandamide inhibits receptor-induced calcium responses by depleating internal calcium stores in cultured astrocytes. Pflugers Arch. 1997;434:147–149
  38. Fant RV, Heishman SJ, Bunker EB, Picksworth WB. Acute and residual effects of marijuana in humans. Pharma Biochem Behav. 1998;60:777–784
  39. Gifford AN, Bruneus M, Gatley SJ, Lan R, Makriyannis A, Volkow ND. Large receptor reserve for cannabinoid actions in the central nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 1999;288:478–483
  40. Heston LL. Psychiatric disorders in foster home reared children of schizophrenic mothers. Br J Psychiatry. 1966;112:819–825
  41. Horrobin DF. Schizophrenia: the illness that made us human. Med Hypotheses. 1998;50:269–288
  42. Laugharne JDE, Mellor JE, Peet M. Fatty acids and schizophrenia. Lipids. 1996;31:S-163–S-165
  43. Das I, Khan S. Increased arachidonic acid induced platelet chemiluminescence indicates cyclooxygenase overactivity in schizophrenic subjects. Prostaglandins, Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998;58:165–168
  44. Whatley SA, Curti D, Marchbanks RM. Mitochondrial involvement in schizophrenia and other functional psychoses. Neurochem Res. 1996;21:995–1004
  45. Mortensen PB, Juel K. Mortality causes of death in first admitted schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;163:183–189
  46. Kafka MS, van Kammen DP, Bunney WE. Reduced cyclic AMP production in the blood platelets from schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1979;136:685–687
  47. Stoney CM, Davis MC, Matthews KA. Sex differences in physiological responses to stress and in coronary heart disease: a causal link. Psychophysiology. 1987;24:127–131
  48. Bassett AS, Collins EJ, Nuttall SE, Honer WG. Positive and negative symptoms in families with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1993;11:9–19
  49. Glass M, Felder CC. Concurrent stimulation of cannabinoid CBI and dopamine D2 receptors augments cAMP accumulation in striatal neurons: evidence for a G.s linkage to the receptor. J Neurosci. 1997;17:5327–5333
  50. Heh CW, Herrera J, DeMet E, Potkin S, Costa J, Sramek J. Neuroleptic-induced hypothermia associated with amelioration of psychosis in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1988;1:149–156
  51. Leestma JE, Koeing KL. Sudden death and phenothiazines: a current controversy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1968;18:137–148
  52. Silver H, Kogan H, Zlotogorski D. Postural hypotension in chronically medicated schizophrenics. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990;51:459–462
  53. Dinan TG. Neuroleptic effects on platelet aggregation: a study in normal volunteers and schizophrenics. Psychol Med. 1987;17:875–881
  54. Man PL, Chen CL. Severe shock caused by chlorpromazine hypersensitivity. Br J Psychiatry. 1973;122:185–187
  55. Shen M, Thayer SA. Cannabinoid receptor agonists protect cultured rat hippocampal neurons from excitotoxicity. Mol Pharmacol. 1998;54:459–462
  56. Krieckhaus EE, Donahoe JW, Morgan MA. Paranoid schizophrenia may be caused by dopamine hyperactivity of CA1 hippocampus. Biol Psychiatry. 1992;31:560–570
  57. McGuire PK, Jones P, Harvey I, Williams M, McGuffin P, Murray R. Morbid risk of schizophrenia for relatives of patients with cannabis-associated psychosis. Schizophr Res. 1995;15:277–281
  58. Rolfe M, Tang M, Todd J, Sam EB, Hatib N’Jie AB. Psychosis and cannabis abuse in the Gambia a case control study. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;163:798–801
  59. Nathan I, Agam G, Mechoulam R, Dvilansky A, Livne AA. Effects of synthetic enantiomeric cannabinoids on platelet aggregation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1992;70:1305–1308
  60. White HL, Tansik RL. Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on phospholipase and other enzymes regulating arachidonate metabolism. Prostaglandins Med. 1980;4:409–411
  61. Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Influence of cannabis abuse on schizophrenic psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1992;85:127–130
  62. Linszen DH, Dingemans PM, Lenior MA. Cannabis abuse and the course of recent-onset schizophrenic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:273–279
  63. Klein TW, Friedman H, Specter S. Marijuana, immunity and infection. J Neuroimmunol. 1998;83:102–115

PII: S0306-9877(00)91100-9

doi: 10.1054/mehy.2000.1100

Medical Hypotheses
Volume 55, Issue 6 , Pages 494-501 , December 2000

Article Tools