Medical Hypotheses
Volume 57, Issue 2 , Pages 175-179 , August 2001

Involvement of cerebrovascular semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia

Received 13 October 2000 ,Accepted 9 January 2001.

References 

    REFERENCES
  1. Smith MA. Alzheimer’s disease. Int Rev Neurobiol. 1998;44:1–54
  2. Dickson DW. The pathogenesis of senile plaques. J Neuropathol Exp. 1997;56:321–329
  3. Soto C, Castano E, Frangione B, Inestrosa NC. The alpha-helical to beta strand transition in the amino-terminal fragment of the amyloid beta-peptide amyloid formation. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:3063–3067
  4. Kapurniotu A, Bernhagen J, Greenfield N. Contribution of advanced glycosylation to the amyloidogenicity of islet amyloid polypeptide. Eur J Biochem. 1998;251:208–216
  5. De la Torre JC, Hachinski V. Cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1996;826:1–520
  6. Kalaria RN. The blood-brain barrier and cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;893:113–125
  7. Perlmutter LS, Chui HC. Microangiopathy, the vascular basement membrane and Alzheimer’s disease: a review. Brain Res Bull. 1990;24:677–686
  8. Kalaria RN, Ballard C. Overlap between pathology of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1999;13:S115–123
  9. Miyakawa T. Electron microscopy of amyloid fibrils and microvessels. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1997;826:25–34
  10. Perlmutter, L. S. Myers, M. A. Barron, E. Vascular basement membrane components and the lesions of Alzheimer’s disease; light and electron microscopic analysis. Micros Res Tech, 28, 204, 215.
  11. Itoh Y, Yamada M, Hayakawa M, Otomo E, Miyatake T. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a significant cause of cerebellar as well as lobar cerebral hemorrhage in the elderly. J Neural Sci. 1993;116:135–141
  12. Hachinski V, Munoz DG. Cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer’s disease: cause, effect or epiphenomenon?. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1997;826:1–6
  13. McGeer PL, Schulzer M, McGeer EG. Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer’s disease: a review of 17 epidemiological studies. Neurology. 1996;47:425–432
  14. Breitner JC. The role of anti-inflammatory drugs in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Annu Rev Med. 1996;47:401–411
  15. Rogers J, Webster S, Lue LF. Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Neurobiol Aging. 1996;17:681–686
  16. Halliday G, Robinson SR, Shepherd CC, Kril J. Alzheimer’s disease and inflammation: a review of cellular and therapeutic mechanisms. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2000;27:1–8
  17. Callingham BA, Crosbie AE, Rous BA. Some aspects of the pathophysiology of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase enzymes. Current neurochemical and pharmacological aspects of biogenic amines: their function, oxidative deamination and inhibition. Yu PH, Tipton KF and Boulton AA Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1995;
  18. Lewinsohn R. Amine oxidase in human blood vessels and non-vascular smooth muscle. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1981;33:569–575
  19. Zuo DM, Yu PH. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase and monoamine oxidase in rat brain microvessels, meninges, retina and eye sclera. Brain Res Bull. 1994;33:307–311
  20. Castillo V, Lizcano JM, Visa J, Unzeta M. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) from human and bovine cerebrovascular tissues: biochemical and immunohistological characterization. Neurochem Int. 1998;33:415–423
  21. Elliott J, Callingham BA, Sharman DF. The influence of amine metabolizing enzymes on the pharmacology of tyramine in the isolated perfused mesenteric arterial bed of rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1989;98:515–522
  22. Enrique-Tarancon G, Marti L, Morin N. Role of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase on glucose transport and GLUT4 recruitment to the cell surface in adipose cells. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:8025–8032
  23. Langford SD, Trent MB, Balakumaran A, Boor PJ. Developmental vasculotoxicity associated with inhibition of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999;155:237–244
  24. Salmi M, Hellman J, Jalkanen S. The role of two distinct endothelial molecules, vascular adhesion protein-1 and peripheral lymph node addressin, in the binding of lymphocyte subsets to human lymph nodes. J Immunol. 1998;160:5629–5636
  25. Precious E, Gunn CE, Lyles GA. Deamination of methylamine by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in human umbilical artery and rat aorta. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998;37:707–713
  26. Yu PH. Oxidative deamination of aliphatic amines by rat aorta semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990;42:882–884
  27. Kalapos NP, Garzo T, Antoni F, Mardl S. Accumulation of S-D-lactolylglutathione and transient decrease of glutathione level caused by methylglyoxal load in isolated hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992;1135:159–164
  28. Lyles GA, Chalmers J. The metabolism of aminoacetone to methylglyoxal by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in human umbilical artery. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992;31:1417–1424
  29. Yu PH, Deng YL. Potential cytotoxic effect of chronic administration of creatine, a nutrition supplement to augment athletic performance. Med Hypothesis. 2000;54:726–728
  30. Heck Hd’A, Casanova M, Starr TB. Formaldehyde toxicity–New understanding. Toxicology. 1990;20:397–426
  31. Gibson JE. (ed.) Formaldehyde Toxicity. Washington: Hemisphere Publ.,. 1983;
  32. Egyud LG, Szent-Gyorgyi A. Cancer static action of methylglyoxal. Science. 1968;160:1140
  33. Nagaraj RH, Shipanova IN, Faust FM. Protein cross-linking by the Mailard reaction. Isolation, characterization and in vivo detection of a lysine-lysine cross-link derived from methylglyoxal. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:19338–19345
  34. Yu PH, Zuo DM. Oxidative deamination of methylamine by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase leads to cytotoxic damage in endothelial cells; Possible consequence for diabetes. Diabetes. 1993;42:594–603
  35. Nilsson SE, Tryding N, Tufvesson G. Serum monoamine oxidase in diabetes mellitus and some other internal diseases. Acta Med Scand. 1968;184:105–108
  36. Yuen CT, Easton D, Misch K, Rhodes EL. Increased activity of serum amine oxidase in granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidics and diabetes. Brit J Dermatol. 1987;11:643–649
  37. Boomsma F, Derks FHM, van den Meiracker AH, Man in’tVeld A, Schalekamp MADH. Plasma semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity is elevated in diabetes mellitus and correlates with glycosylated haemoglobin. Clin Sci. 1995;88:675–679
  38. Boomsma F, van den Meiracker AH, Winkel S. Circulating semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase is raised both in type I (insulin-dependent), in type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and even in childhood type I diabetes at first clinical diagnosis. Diabetologia. 1999;42:233–237
  39. Mészáros Z, Szombathy T, Raimondi L, Karadi I, Romics L, Magyar K. Elevated serum semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: correlation with BMI and serum triglyceride. Metabolism Clin Exp. 1999;48:113–117
  40. Garpenstrand H, Ekblom J, Backlund LB, Oreland L, Rosenqvist U. Elevated plasma semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activity in Type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated by retinopathy. Diabet Med. 1999;16:514–521
  41. Ishizaki F. Plasma benzylamine oxidase activity in cerebrovascular disease. Eur Neurol. 1990;30:104–107
  42. Boomsma F, van Veldhuisen DJ, de Kam PJ. Plasma semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase is elevated in patients with congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 1997;33:387–391
  43. Boomsma F. Plasma semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is an independent prognostic marker for mortality in chronic heart failure. European Heart J. 2000;
  44. Hayes BE, Clarke DE. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Res Comm Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1990;69:71–83
  45. Elliott J, Fowden AL, Callingham BA, Sharman DF, Silver M. Physiological and pathological influences on sheep blood plasma amine oxidase: effect of pregnancy and experimental alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. Res Vet Science. 1991;50:334–339
  46. Kahn SE, Andrikopoulos S, Verchere CB. Islet amyloid: a long-recognized but underappreciated pathological feature of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 1999;48:241–523
  47. Yu PH, Zuo DM. Formaldehyde produced endogenously via deamination of methylamine; a potential risk factor for initiation of endothelial injury. Atherosclerosis. 1996;120:189–197
  48. Yu PH, Deng YL. Endogenous formaldehyde and vulnerability of atherosclerosis: Involvement of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase-mediated methylamine turnover. Atherosclerosis. 1999;140:357–363
  49. Smith DJ, Salmi M, Bono P, Hellman J, Leu T, Jalkanen S. Cloning of vascular adhesion protein a; Reveals a novel multifunctional adhesion molecule. J Exp Med. 1998;188:17–27
  50. Salmi M, Kalimo K, Jalkanen S. Induction and function of adhesion protein-1 at sites of inflammation. J Exp Med. 1993;178:2255–2260
  51. Bono P, Jalkanen S, Salmi M. Mouse vascular adhesion protein 1 is a sialoglycoprotein with enzymatic activity and is induced in diabetic insulitis. Am J Pathol. 1999;155:1613–1624
  52. McGeer PL, McGeer EG. Inflammation of the brain in Alzheimer’s disease: implications for therapy. J Leucocyte Biol. 1999;65:409–415

PII: S0306-9877(01)91329-5

doi: 10.1054/mehy.2001.1329

Medical Hypotheses
Volume 57, Issue 2 , Pages 175-179 , August 2001

Article Tools