Medical Hypotheses
Volume 58, Issue 3 , Pages 244-248 , March 2002

How shamanism and group selection may reveal the origins of schizophrenia

Received 11 April 2001 ,Accepted 16 August 2001.

References 

  1. Crow TJ. A Darwinian approach to the origins of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;167:12–25
  2. Horrobin DF. Schizophrenia: the illness that made us human. Med Hypotheses. 1998;50:269–288
  3. Feingold J, Serre JL, Carnevale P. Some trends in medical population genetics. Experientia. 1986;42:1102–1109
  4. Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ. Thalassemia and Malaria: new insights into an old problem. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1999;111:278–282
  5. Russell WM, Russell C. Evolutionary and social aspects of disease. Ecol Dis. 1983;2:95–106
  6. McGuffin P, Owen MJ, Farmer AE. Genetic basis of schizophrenia. Lancet. 1995;346:678–682
  7. Kendler KS, Diehl SR. Schizophrenia: Genetics. In:  Kaplan HI,  Sadock BJ editor. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams and Williams; 1995;p. 942–957
  8. Kendler KS, Diehl SR. The genetics of schizophrenia: a current, genetic-epidemiologic perspective. Schizophr Bull. 1993;19:261–285
  9. Kendler KS, Gardner CO. The risk for psychiatric disorders in relatives of schizophrenic and control probands: a comparison of three independent studies. Psychol Med. 1997;27:411–419
  10. Jones P, Cannon M. The new epidemiology of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998;21:1–25
  11. Kety SS, Wender PH, Jacobsen B, Ingraham LJ, Jansson LF, Kinney DK. Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees. Replication of the Copenhagen Study in the rest of Denmark. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:442–455
  12. Tienari PJ, Wynne LC. Adoption studies of schizophrenia. Ann Med. 1994;26:233–237
  13. Tienari P, Wynne LC, Moring J, Lahti I, Naarala M, Sorri A, et al. The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. Implications for family research. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;23:20–26
  14. Torrey EF, Bowler AE, Taylor EH, Gottesman II. Schizophrenia and Manic-Depressive Disorder. New York: Basic Books; 1994;
  15. Jeste DV, Del C, Lohr JB, Wyatt RJ. Did schizophrenia exist before the eighteenth century?. Compr Psychiatry. 1985;26:493–503
  16. Shorter E. A History of Psychiatry. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1997;
  17. Gottesman II. Schizophrenia Genesis. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company; 1991;
  18. Gottesman II. Schizophrenia Genesis. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company; 1991;
  19. Mowry BJ, Lennon DP, De F. Diagnosis of schizophrenia in a matched sample of Australian aborigines. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90:337–341
  20. Torrey E. F. Prevalence Studies in Schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:598–608
  21. Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, et al. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization Ten-Country Study. Psychol Med. 1992;20:1–97
  22. Huxley J, Mayr E, Osmond H, Hoffer A. Schizophrenia as a genetic morphism. Nature. 1964;204:220–221
  23. Nimgaonkar VL. Reduced fertility in schizophrenia: here to stay?. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;98:348–353
  24. Bourguignon E. Trance and shamanism: What's in a name?. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1989;21:9–15
  25. Noll R. What has really been learned about shamanism?. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1989;21:47–50
  26. Wright P. A. The nature of the shamanistic state of consciousness: a review. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1989;21:25–33
  27. Silverman J. Shamans and acute schizophrenia. Amer Anthrop. 1967;69:21–31
  28. Winkelman M. A cross-cultural study of shamanistic healers. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1989;21:17–24
  29. Shields D. A. cross-cultural study of out-of-the-body experiences, waking and sleeping. J Soc Psychical Research. 1978;49:697–741
  30. Winkelman M. J. Shamans and other “magico-religious” healers: a cross-cultural study of their origins, nature, and social transformations. Ethos. 1990;18:308–352
  31. Brewerton T. Hyperreligiosity in psychotic disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994;182:302–304
  32. Maslowski J, Jansen van R, Mthoko N. A polydiagnostic approach to the differences in symptoms of schizophrenia in different cultural and ethnic populations. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;98:41–46
  33. Mithen S. The Prehistory of the Mind. London: Thames and Hudson; 1996;
  34. Boyer P. The Naturalness of Religious Ideas. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1994;
  35. Patel V, Musara T, Butau T, Maramba P, Fuyane S. Concepts of mental illness and medical pluralism in Harare. Psychol Med. 1995;25:485–493
  36. Bownds DM. The Biology of Mind. Bethesda: Fitzgerald Science Press; 1999;
  37. Selzer JA, Lieberman JA. Schizophrenia and substance abuse. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1993;16:401–412
  38. Murray-Jobsis J. An exploratory study of hypnotic capacity of schizophrenic and borderline patients in a clinical setting. Am J Clin Hypn. 1991;33:150–160
  39. Pettinatti HM, Kogan LG, Evans FJ, Wade JH, Horne RL, Staats JM. Hypnotizability of psychiatric inpatients according to two different scales. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:69–75
  40. Shea BT, Bailey RC. Allometry and adaptation of body proportions and stature in African pygmies. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1996;100:311–340
  41. Baumann G, Shaw MA, Merimee TJ. Low levels of high-affinity growth hormone-binding protein in African pygmies. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1705–1709
  42. Harrison PJ. The neuropathology of schizophrenia. Brain. 1999;122:593–624
  43. Robinson GE. Regulation of division of labor in insect colonies. Annu Rev Entomol. 1992;37:637–665
  44. Oldroyd BP, Sylvester HA, Siriwat W, Rinderer TE. Task specialization in a wild bee, Apis florea (Hymenoptera: Apidae), revealed by RFLP banding. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 1994;34:25–30
  45. Page RE, Robinson GE. The genetics of division of labor in honey bee colonies. Adv Insect Physiol. 1991;23:117–169
  46. Wilson DS, Sober E. Reintroducing group selection to the human behavioral sciences. Behav Brain Sci. 1994;17:585–654
  47. Bowles J. T. Sex, kings and serial killers and other group selected human traits. Med Hypothesis. 2000;54:864–894

PII: S0306-9877(01)91504-X

doi: 10.1054/mehy.2001.1504

Medical Hypotheses
Volume 58, Issue 3 , Pages 244-248 , March 2002